4.3 - Electrical Circuits

Kirchoff's Laws

1. The sum of currents entering a junction in a circuit is equal to the sum of currents exiting this junction. This ensures conservation of charge.
2. The sum of emfs in a loop of a circuit is equal to the sum of potential differences of all components in the loop. This ensures conservation of energy.

Resistance Sums

Energy must be conserved, so the sum of potential differences of the components must be equal to the pd across all relevant components (which can be emf). As per V = IR, we can express this as:   We can divide both sides by I to get:

Again, energy must be conserved. Total circuit current can be expressed using Kirchoff's 1st law as:   However, as per Kirchoff's 2nd law, voltage on each branch is equal:   Taking the first equation, as I=V/R:   Dividing through by V gives us:

Potential Dividers

Potential difference is split across resistors from the total voltage of a loop in a ratio based on resistance of each component. This enables the delivery of electrical power to multiple parts of a circuit in differing ratios.

Internal resistance

Cells aren't perfect - they still have a small amount of resistance themselves due to differences in the material used for the cells. In manufacturing, this internal resistance is made to be as low as possible, but cannot reach zero.

... where E is emf, I is current, and r is internal resistance. E and r are constant values.

Determining E and r

EMF and internal resistance can be experimentally determined by rearranging the above equation as follows:

Method:

1. CreatePlace athe potentialpower dividersource setupin -series battery,with ammeter,an fixed resistor,ammeter and a variable resistor.resistor, Connectwith a voltmeter parallel to the fixedpower resistorsource:
   in

   

   parallel.
2. Start with a largehigh value of resistance on the variable resistor and record the ammeter outputcurrent I in amps andfrom the voltmeterammeter outputwith potential difference V in volts from the voltmeter in a table.
3. Repeat, reducingdecreasing the resistance on the variable resistor such that the current increasesI bydecreases ain proportionalfixed amountintervals as per V=IR.
4. Plot a graph of V against I and draw a line of best fit. The y-intercept is the emfemf, and the gradient of the line is the negative of the internal resistance.

Multiple Sources of EMF

If two sources of EMF are pointing in opposite directions in a loop, the EMF of the loop is equal to the difference between them. E.g. in the following circuit, the EMF is 9-6=3:

If they were pointing in the same direction, they would add to 9+6=15.